周浩明
清华大学建筑系本科毕业；东南大学建筑博士学位；
清华大学美术学院环境艺术系教授、高级室内建筑师
美国联盟大学、江西景德镇陶瓷学院客座教授
中国室内设计学会理事、江苏省科技成果管理评审专家、

何去何从——关于绿色室内设计的深层思考
范：什么是绿色设计观
周：绿色设计观在尊重自然、顺应自然的前提下、首先考虑如何更加有效地利用自然的可再生能源，减少对不可再生能源的消耗，同时为人类创造出更为舒适的生活与工作环境。它是一种整体设计观，也是可持续发展的设计观，即：一要强调发展，不断提高经济、社会与文化的发展水平，包括人民群众的生活水平；二要强调持续，保证对不可再生资源的合理开发、节约使用以及对可再生资源的不断增值和永续利用。绿色建筑室内环境设计是一种“可持续发展”的室内设计，力图将营造和使用过程中对自然与人类健康的影响减至最少，因此它已经从过去的 “能用、好用”发展到 “用好”的阶段，也就是说绿色建筑绿色特性的体现与建筑使用者的日常维护有着密不可分的关系，否则即使是再好的设计，如果使用不当 、维护不周，也不可能充分发挥其绿色特性。

范：绿色建筑最关注的是哪些问题？
周：绿色建筑归根到底还是一种建筑，作为一种供人直接使用的人造物，它永远都是人们的一个审美对象。因此，在保证建筑与室内环境的生态性的同时，设计师可以利用一切艺术手段来提高建筑的审美价值。但是，与传统建筑相比，绿色建筑室内更细致、更深入、更全面地协调人与建筑、人与自然以及人和建筑与未来的关系。绿色建筑在考虑人类自身舒适的同时，还必须顾及到自然承受力、非人类生物空间的建设和非人类生物环境的美。因此，绿色建筑所关涉的不仅仅是技术问题，也不仅仅是艺术问题，而是更深层次的文化问题、哲学问题和伦理问题。它不仅关心过去和现在，更关心未来；不仅关心本地区域，而且关心相关区域甚至将来可能会产生影响的区域，它愿意把审美评判的最终裁判权留给历史，更愿意把审美评判的最终裁判权留给未来。绿色建筑表现出来的对宇宙和生态秩序的终极关怀，体现了当代人的一种超越精神和宝贵的忧患意识。

范：怎样在绿色建筑中处理生态性与艺术性的关系
周：人们往往会有这样的一种感觉，绿色的建筑与室内由于考虑了很多节能与环保方面的因素，导致了对美学要求的损害，因此绿色的建筑与室内在视觉上可能会缺乏美感。其实，建筑与室内环境的艺术性与绿色原则之间并没有直接的冲突，这完全是人们在探讨建筑与室内环境生态因素的过程中所出现的一个小小的误解。比如，在人们探讨建筑节能的过程中，往往机械地考虑各种技术的措施而忽视了建筑与室内环境的艺术因素，从而出现了早期这类建筑僵死、呆板、千篇一律的局面。然而随着人们生态思想的进一步明晰，人们逐渐地认识到了在绿色建筑室内环境中保持高度艺术性的重要性，同时随着技术的进一步发展以及人们处理生态因素经验的不断丰富，艺术性与生态性之间的结合也越来越紧密，人们对艺术性与生态性之间关系的误解也必将成为生态设计发展史中一段有趣的插曲。绿色建筑室内环境设计以保护地球生态环境为己任，它不再像以前的建筑那样在征服自然的目标下创造出“漂亮的”建筑环境，而是在有利于生态保护的前提下，创造出“环保、舒适、漂亮的”建筑环境。在这里，艺术性服从于生态性，如果艺术性与生态性两者之间出现冲突，那么首先必须满足生态性的要求。

范：什么是“以人为本”？
当今绿色设计中最大的误区，就是所谓的“以人为本”。其实“以人为本”一词本身并没有什么对错的问题，关键是看使用者如何理解、如何运用这一概念。事实上“以人为本”思想中的“人”不应该是狭义概念上的人，这里的“人”并不是单个的、以出生和死亡为生命过程的人，这里的“人”与“自己”的含义不同，他不应该只是考虑自己眼前利益而不顾人类社会持续发展的人，“人”应该在更好地满足自己欲望的同时顾及他人、后人的生存权利。因此，“以人为本”思想的“人”应该是指整个人类，是涵盖了现代与将来、考虑了人类永续发展的人，这一点，也正是“可持续发展”思想的最基本内容。室内设计应该满足使用者生理、心理等各方面的需求，即所谓的“以人为本 ”，但是按照生态学原理，人类只允许在一定的限度内 ，在保证自然生态环境不被破坏的前提下追求自己的舒适与满足 ，绿色室内设计中对使用者利益的考虑，必须服从于生态环境良性发展这一大前提，任何以牺牲大环境的安宁来达到小环境舒适的做法都是不合适的。人类营造建筑的根本目的就是要为自己提供符合特定需求的生活环境。作为与人类关系最为密切、为人类每日起居、生活、工作提供最直接场所的微观环境，建筑与室内环境的品质直接关系到人们的生活质量，绿色建筑室内设计在注重环境的同时还应给使用者以足够的关心，认真研究与人的心理特征和人的行为相适应的室内空间环境特点及其设计手法，以满足人们生理、心理等各方面的需求，符合现代社会文化的多元化发展。

范：生态建筑学与生态学之间有着怎样的关系？
周：生态建筑学将建筑与室内看成是地球整个生态链中的一个有机的组成环节。建筑与室内环境设计在某种程度上可以看成是对人的行为的规划，如在室内环境设计时，尽可能地节约自然资源，尽可能地少用或不用含有害物质的材料，尽可能少地向自然排放有害气体和其它有害物质，以免对自然、对其它生物物种产生不利的影响等。这就要求我们在进行室内环境设计时，始终考虑室内环境设计对于整个生态系统的影响。室内、建筑、自然环境应该是一个统一的整体，应该一体化设计，而不应该被人为地割裂开来。生态建筑与室内环境的理论基础直接来自于生态学。生态学是研究关联的学说，生态学的理论核心，是科学地解决生命有机体之间、有机体与环境之间的相互关系，运用现代科学来促进人、自然和生物之间的平衡发展。生态建筑室内环境，作为整个地球生态系统一定层次的子系统，作为人与自然环境、与其它地球生物之间的联系纽带，其设计的核心，则是如何使建筑室内尽可能少地出现反生态的负效应，而尽可能多地发挥出有利于生态环境的建设性效益。对于生态美学，我们很难用像对待诸如后现代主义、解构主义抑或其它什么主义之类的方法来加以评价。而且，环境问题将使建筑面临更为复杂的局面，我们将看到，对于自然的敏感反应不仅会表现在意识形态、物质形式和细部处理上，还会表现在符号内涵中，但这并不会改变美学的本质问题——空间的虚实、明暗、质感和比例这些简单内容。它不同于哥特式、巴洛克、现代主义以及以往任何一种建筑运动。生态建筑学体现了一种全新的建筑观，它不是一种风格、流派或者技术上的创新，而是一种建筑思想和伦理上的革命。

范：如何看待室内设计和建筑的关系？
周：在现今中国的商品社会中，室内设计已完全从建筑范畴中独立出来，成为一种对室内空间的完全崭新的解释。但是，不管建筑与室内环境设计工作的分工如何明确，不管最后由谁来负责室内环境设计工作，也不管最后的室内环境设计采用何种具体的手法、达到何种程度，建筑与室内环境设计之间的整体统一关系永远都是设计师应该重点考虑的内容。建筑设计与室内环境设计的关系既相互关联又侧重不同，但它们遵循着同样的原则和原理，使用着同样的设计语言和手法，所研究的范畴是统一的。诸如空间的造型、对比与协调、平衡、尺度、色彩、采光、结构等等。我们说，室内环境设计是建筑的深化与继续，它能组织和诱导原有建筑空间概念和形态的改变。但这并不表明建筑设计的结束才是室内环境设计的开始，室内环境设计不是建筑空间形成之后的装饰和点缀，而是从建筑设计构思开始，就应随着建筑空间的形成而同时进行。室内环境设计应该是室内空间环境的再创作，它的素材应该是建筑所提供的空间、人在空间中活动的行为特征、特定的使用功能以及与之相关的文化背景。建筑与室内之间必须在形式上保持其一致性，相互之间不能彼此割裂，娱乐场所的建筑外观不应该像住宅，医院建筑的室内也不应该像舞厅。但是，事实却是，现今的许多建筑室内空间正在被室内设计师们打扮得与建筑的外在形式越来越大相径庭。建筑师苦心经营的空间序列、穿插、限定、光影变幻被室内设计师改得面目全非，而一些建筑师也越来越放弃了对室内空间的控制，仅仅满足于一张外立面的设计。至于旧建筑的室内改造设计，室内环境与建筑脱节的情况就更为严重。这是一种并不健康的现象。

范：如何看待绿色与经济性的关系？
周：绿色建筑室内环境要获得广泛接受，必须具有经济上的可行性。美国建筑师协会环境委员会主席盖尔?林赛就曾经坦率地承认：直到最近，由于经济上的原因，绿色设计还是件奢侈的事情，是富有阶层和上流社会的特权。显然以巨大代价和成本来利用资源并非是对环境问题有根本意义的解决之道，绿色建筑室内环境设计的细则应该同等地使用于低成本住房和高档住宅。经济性并不仅被局限于金钱方面，健康、生产率、安全性和公共形象都是现实的、而且颇具价值的利益。绿色建筑室内环境设计往往是在成本、污染、能量消耗和在众多建筑材料中的耐用性之间寻求折衷方案，绿色实质上是在寻求短期与长期利益的平衡点，自然采光、太阳能装置、先进的机械系统以及光电池等，都应根据当地气候、能量需求，以及能源成本等多种因素综合加以应用。在室内环境的创造中，使用无毒、无害的绿色材料，可能会增加室内装修的造价；利用可再生资源会增加技术上的难度，从而延长设计与施工的时间，增加建筑的初期投资，不过从长远的角度来看，这种暂时的“浪费”是完全可以在今后的运行中得到回报的。

范： 有人说有山有水有树就是绿色，你认为这种想法正确吗？
周： “绿色”的建筑与室内设计，主要包含“灵活高效”、“健康舒适”、“节约节能源”、“保护环境”等几方面的含义，其相似的表达还有“生态建筑”、“可持续发展建筑”等。根据绿色建筑的3F原则（即fit for the nature与环境协调原则，fit for the people 以人为本原则，fit for the time动态发展原则）可以看出：绿色建筑强调的是人与建筑的相互协调，追求的是人、自然之间永久的动态平衡，而不仅仅局限于某一地点和时间上的平衡。目前仍有许多人认为“绿色”就是绿化，只要在建筑周围和室内多绿化，建筑就是绿色的了。其实绿化只是建筑绿色化的重要途径之一，但绿化绝对不等于绿色。比如前一段时间，国内掀起一股轰轰烈烈的人造草坪热，一夜之间，大江南北不管当地气候如何，一律大面积地植以外来的人工草坪，这种做法，虽然暂时提升了人们视觉上的满足，同时也确实增加了城市与建筑周围的绿化面积，改善了人们的生活环境，但同时却也带来了另一个环境问题，由于外来草种无法适应当地的气候条件，它就不可能像土生土长的植物那样自然生长，而必须依靠人工灌溉、人工施肥，因此而多用的水、特定的肥料等，都导致了对资源的额外消耗，而且还浪费了大量的人力。

范：您就消除误区，营造绿色室内环境有什么建议吗？
周：营造绿色的室内环境，有很多具体的手法，很难在此一一列举，这里我只想提出一些原则上的建议：
一、 加强法律规范，使绿色概念的实施有法可依。
绿色建筑室内设计作为实施可持续发展战略的任务之一，正在为越来越多的人们所接受，人们正越来越自觉在建筑与室内环境设计过程中考虑绿色的因素。但是，就如任何社会生活都应有相应的法律依据一样，实现绿色的建筑与室内环境也应该通过相应的法律，依靠其规范作用，以权利和义务为内容，以国家强制力作后盾，来规范人们在建筑与室内的设计、建造、使用等所有过程的活动，限制那些过激的、损害他人利益的行为，从而确认、调整、保护和发展这一领域的社会关系和社会秩序。
二、 普及绿色知识，正确认识人与自然之间的关系。
除了必须要有严格的立法，还必须要有符合生态原则的道德观来达到人们行为的自律，使保护生态环境，创造绿色建筑与室内环境成为每个人的自觉行动，贯穿于一切相关的活动之中，包括建筑室内的设计、建设与运行，维护直至最后的拆除、报废等任何一个环节。
三、 提倡建筑与室内装饰的一体化设计。
建筑与室内必须坚持一体化设计，即从建筑设计开始，建筑师就应该充分考虑今后建筑的使用要求，如果由专门的室内设计师担任室内环境设计任务，那么室内设计师一开始就应该加入设计的行列，参与到建筑设计的工作中来，这样就可以最大限度地避免建筑设计中所出现的先天不足，减少室内装饰设计中所产生的不必要的重复思考，减少资源的浪费。
四、 提倡设计师与其他各工种工程师之间的紧密协作。
一个人的力量是十分有限的，随着室内环境设计内涵的进一步扩大，室内环境设计的参与者再也不仅限于建筑师与室内设计师了，整个室内环境的形成是一个极其复杂的过程，除了建筑师和室内设计师以外，还有更多的工种与人员参与其中，包括电气工程师、暖通工程师、照明工程师、甚至还有社会学家等等。
五、提倡设计与室内环境使用过程中的群众参与。
事实上只要使用者对原有室内环境中的任一元素进行更改，即使是增添了一个挂钩，铺设了一块地毯或者更换了一幅窗帘，那么就有可能因这些新元素的材料成分、使用特点、耗能特征、视觉特性等的不同而对室内环境产生影响。因此对于室内生态环境的研究，必定会涉及到使用者的行为，从这一角度来说，使用者也是一种特殊意义上的“设计师“，使用者素质的高低、生态意识的强弱，都直接关系到室内生态环境的质量。群众参与将是获得和保持室内环境绿色特征的重要保证。

Teresa: What is the green design?
Prof. Zhou: Green design is environmental friendly design based on the respect to the nature. It means stable and sufficient extraction of material from the earth. Nature resources are limited and must not be extracted and distributed into an increasing amount in order to create more comfortable living and working environment for people. It is about holistic, systematic and sustainability thinking: first of all it is to focus on the development, to stimulate the economic, society and culture development and people’s living standard; secondly to secure the sustainability, efficient use and good economic use of limited resources. The green interior design means sustainable interior design. It aims to protect health and environment during the period of both construction and use. So it has developed from the phase of “how to apply it and what is available” to the phase of “how to use it properly”. It starts at home or office. Without proper daily maintenance, even the most excellent design can not show its green character.

Teresa: What are the key points of the green building?
Prof. Zhou: Green building is a kind of building. As an artificial object to be used by people, it is always an aesthetic object discussed by human being. So designer has to increase the aesthetic value of the building while assuring the ecological interior environment. People have more carefully, more deeply and more comprehensively relationship with the building, nature and future in green interiors. Designers must consider the comfort of people as well as the nature’s capacity, space‘s construction and environmental beauty. It not only cares about the technical and art problems but also the deeper issues such as culture, philosophy and ethics. It not only cares about the past and the present but also more further about the future, it not only cares about the local area but also the related area and the future related area. It prefers to leave the jury right to the history or even more to the future. These cares about the universe and ecological order in green buildings reflect modern people beyond thinking and worrying mentality.

Teresa: How to deal with the relationship between the ecological character and art character in green buildings?
Prof. Zhou: It is said that green interiors seem to neglect the aesthetic requirement, as the consideration of the energy-save and environmental protection. In fact there is no direct conflict between the artistic character and green principles. And it is just a little misunderstanding during the course of exploring interior ecological aspects. Although it happened in early energy-save buildings, but with the development of the ecological concept people recognize the importance of keeping high level art standard in green interiors. The combination of the art and the ecology is getting closer and closer with the development of the technology and people’s ecological experience. And it will become just an interesting plays in ecological design history. Green interior design aims to protect the earth and not to conquer the nature like before. It is to create environmental friendly, comfortable, beautiful architectural environment for people. Here art character shall follow the ecological character if there is any conflict.

Teresa: What is “human-based” concept?
Prof. Zhou: The most popular misunderstanding in green design is so-called “human-based” concept. Originally this concept itself is nothing to do with right or wrong but the key issue is how to understand and how to apply this concept. This human is not in the narrow sense, such as myself or the single person who has experience the birth and the death This human refers to all people, those do not only consider his own short-term benefit but also consider the sustainability of the society and the human beings. Interior designer shall satisfy the user’s physiological and psychological requirement. According to the ecological theory human being can only pursue the comfort within nature-carrying capacity. The consideration of user’s interest must follow the ecological development. It is not appropriate to sacrifice the whole environment in order to satisfy just a small part. The goal of human’s construction is to provide the special living environment according to their requirement. The quality of interior will influence the quality of people’s life directly as it is where people stay and work. Green interior design must provide enough care to the user, it shall study the proper interior space and design method which can fit human’s psychology character and multi-culture development of modern society.

Teresa: What is the relationship between the ecology and ecological architecture?
Prof. Zhou: Ecological architecture considers the interior as an organic part of the earth ecological circulation. Interior architecture design can be consider as kind of plan to human’s activities. Interior designers are required to minimize the use of harmful materials and the emission of harmful substances, to avoid hazardous materials, to give priority to resource-saving, re-using, material re-cycling, energy re-cycling and deposition. Ecological interior architecture is about holistic, systematic thinking, integration of different aspects, it is based on the ecology, which is a study about the relationship between the different lives, the life and the environment; it is to promote the balance among human beings, nature and creatures. As a sub-system of the global ecological system, green interior is the link. It will focus on: how to increase the constructive ecological environmental value as much as possible. We can not simply compare the ecological aesthetic with modernism, post-modernism, gothic and other architecture movement. The environmental problem will make things even more complicated during the construction. The nature influence not only reflected on the concept, the form and the details, but also on symbols, which keep the essential value of the aesthetic(space, brightness, texture and scale), The ecological architecture has nothing to do with style or technology, it is a revolution of architecture theory and the whole system..

Teresa: How to understand the relationship between interior design and architecture?
Prof. Zhou: Nowadays, interior design just separated from architectural, and become a brand new explanation to those old spaces. No matter how to distribute the work between the architecture and interior design, and who will be in charge at the end, and which detail method will be applied and to what degree, designers shall keep the harmony of integration and synergy between these two aspects and follow the same principle and theory, language and method, such as space and form, comparison and harmony, balance and scale, color and lighting, etc. Interior design is a kind of extension of architectural work. It can become the organizer to change the original space, it is not just a kind of decoration, it starts from the form of the architectural and it will be a re-creation of the interior space. It based on the architectural concept, people’s activities in this space, special function and related culture background. It is pity the more and more interior spaces seem become completely different from the exteriors now, the special space order, subplot, limit and shadow designed by the architect has been changed by the interior designer “rudely”. Thus more architects now care about the facade elevation only and give up the control to interior. This appears in renovation projects more seriously, which is not healthy at all.

Teresa: How to understand the relationship between green character and economical character?
Prof. Zhou: The green building interior shall be affordable in economic aspect before it can be accepted by all people. It is still expensive now and can only become the privilege of rich people and high end society. Obviously to cost more materials and resources can not solve the environmental problems. The green interior design principles shall be applied both in low-cost residential buildings and high-end houses equally. The economical character not only includes money issue but also includes the valuable profit in health, productivity, safety and public performance. Green interior design is about a compromised plan among the cost, pollution, energy consumption and durability of building materials, it is to find the balance point between the short-term profit and long-term profit. Solo-energy equipment, modern mechanical system and sunlight-collective battery shall be used according to the local weather, energy requirement and cost of the resources. To use green materials may increase the first investment and construction period and technology difficulty in the very beginning of the projects, but this investment will get profit back in a long-term management process.

Teresa: Somebody says that anywhere with mountain, water or tree can be called green; do you think it is correct?
Prof. Zhou: Green architecture and interior design include the following meaning: flexible and high efficient, healthy and comfortable, energy-save and resource-save, environmental protection etc. Similar expressions include “ecological building” and sustainable building” etc. according to 3F principle(fit for the nature, fit for the people and fit for the time), we can tell that green design focuses on the cooperation between the people and the building, it not only happens once or at one site but a kind of dynamic balance. A misunderstanding to green design is related to greening; actually greening is one important way of approaching green design. One good example is: in some cities huge imported lawn is very popular. Although is improve people’s living environmental quality with nice vision effect, but it is not a green design, as it is not the local plant and will consume more artificial watering, fertilizing, extra land consume and will waste lots of labor to take care of them.

Teresa: Do you have any suggestion to clear up these misunderstandings and create green interiors?
Prof. Zhou: There are many ways to create green environment, here I just point out some basic principles:
1 To strengthen the law and regulations, which green concepts can refer to
2 To give publicity the green knowledge and keep the right relationship between the people and the nature
3 To encourage the package arrangement which includes both architecture design and interior design.
4 To encourage designers to coordinate with engineers and other professionals more closely
5 To encourage people’s participation during the progress of the interior design and the real use.